The apparent HA restriction seems unlikely to be coincidental, since the influenza virus HA genes that have been associated with human pandemic viruses, such as H1 and H2, are not particularly ...

HA binds to receptors on the surface of our cells, allowing the influenza virus to enter and start replicating. However, another surface protein called neuraminidase has been largely overlooked.

With the HA and NA genes, the influenza A genome contains eight genes encoding 11 proteins. These proteins include three RNA polymerases that function together as a complex required by the virus ...

Pappas, C, Aguilar, PV, Basler, CF, et al. Single gene reassortants identify a critical role for PB1, HA, and NA in the high virulence of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S ...

The researchers used the H5N1 strain isolated from the first U.S. human infection with the bovine strain 2.3.4.4b (A/Texas/37/2024) to test how mutations in the HA gene sequence affected the ...

In early December 2024, a group of researchers published an article in the journal Science, entitled "A single mutation in bovine influenza H5N1 hemagglutinin switches specificity to human receptors".

However, the internal gene segments were derivatives of the pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus. Although these IAVs were not genetically identical, they shared significant similarities.

Because bat influenza HA and NA are quite different from those of other flu viruses, the researchers replaced the two genes with those from another laboratory-adapted human flu virus called PR8 ...

Wild waterfowl collected between 1915 -1919 were tested for the same hemagglutinin (HA) subtype as that of the 1918 pandemic Influenza A virus. The tests concluded the HA genes were different.

The evolution of HA is mainly studied in isolation from other genes in influenza vaccine research, but Brooke says this data demonstrates the need to look at the interactions between HA and genes ...