In 1947, the vaccine was unexpectedly less efficient; it was discovered that the antigenic composition of the circulating virus had changed and antigenic drift ... and antigenic shift was ...

However, this approach is strain-specific. It has limited efficacy against unexpected variants or antigenic drift and shift. Antigenic drift refers to small, gradual mutations in the influenza ...

This important work presents a stochastic branching process model of tumour-immune coevolution, incorporating stochastic antigenic mutation accumulation and escape within the cancer cell population.

Usually such mutations are minor, resulting in a process called antigenic drift. Even minor changes ... form a new strain that is called antigenic shift. Such a significant mutation occurs ...

These strains occur because of the phenomenon known as antigenic shift, in which humans are infected with avian influenza viruses or viruses that contain a combination of genes from human and ...

The transporters associated with antigen processing (TAPs) allow antigenic peptides that have been generated in the cytosol to be transported into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER ...