The Ottoman Empire, which at the time this map was drawn included much of the Balkans and the Middle East, used a version of the Turkish language written in a slightly modified Arabic script.

A century after its demise, the Ottoman Empire may seem like a footnote — a geopolitical order that has long since disintegrated and been relegated to the annals of history, with little ...

The turning point is the Balkan wars (1912-3) which cut off from the empire some of its most diverse and richest provinces in southeastern Europe. A map of the Ottoman Empire in 1683, ...

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