The deep oceans are far from flat. They feature ridges, trenches, seamounts, and valleys, creating a diverse and dramatic ...

Ridges thrust up from the abyssal plain by tectonic forces can reach thousands of meters in height, and run for hundreds or ...

the youth of the ocean floor, the presence of island arcs, the deep sea trenches, and the origin of the midocean ridges. Hess's puzzling guyots fit into the sea-floor spreading picture ...

in hydrothermal flux near oceanic ridges. They suggest this drop may have caused significant changes in the ocean's chemistry. In previous work, some of the same researchers proposed that the 35% ...