Notable examples of IFN-induced antiviral effectors and their regulation by influenza viruses are indicated. See text for further details.

Covid is here to stay; no need to panic but take precautions, says PHFI’s Dr K Srinath Reddy Hybrid immunity, through vaccines and exposure to the virus, is likely to protect people but they ...

The antigenic shift is responsible for the major antigenic changes registered in human influenza A virus. The antigenic shift is produced by the reassortment of genetic components from human and ...

Antigenic variation: Decoding the mechanism controlling antigen activation in trypanosomes Date: March 13, 2025 Source: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Summary: A new study shows how ...

The newer variant of avian influenza that recently infected dairy cattle in Nevada has a genetic change that’s thought to help the virus copy itself in mammals — including humans — more ...

This is often the mechanism responsible for a virus from an animal population gaining the ability to infect humans. Antigenic shift is rare but sudden and results in significant genetic alteration ...

When antigenic shift occurs, it is possible that an H1N1 virus and H3N2 virus may interact to produce an H1N2 virus and an H3 N1 virus, for example. Figure 3: Representation of genome segment ...

When antigenic shift occurs, it is possible that an H1N1 virus and H3N2 virus may interact to produce an H1N2 virus and an H3 N1 virus, for example. Figure 3: Representation of genome segment ...

Flu and COVID-19 are examples of respiratory diseases that require repeated vaccine boosters to prevent illness. They are a reminder that we need better vaccines that offer improved durability and ...

Antigenic shift causes an abrupt, major change resulting in new hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase surface proteins. When antigenic shift happens, people often have little to no immunity.

This process can also happen abruptly, when two subtypes of the influenza virus meet in a single host. Antigenic shift notably occurred to produce “swine flu” in 2009.

"Original antigenic sin" is a phenomenon that was identified in 1960; it refers to a hypothesis about the physiology of the immune system. In orignal antigenic sin (OAS), the immune system opts to ...