Muawiya became one of Muhammad’s scribes, and after the prophet’s ... Hasan, the son of Ali, who had briefly assumed the role of caliph after his father's death, was compelled by Muawiya ...

He was promoted during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab and became the governor of Levant during the caliphate of Uthman, the third caliph. After Uthman's death, Muawiya refused to pledge ...