1. Phosphate ester synthesis: an oxidation reaction of the aldehyde catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate leads to the formation diphosphoglycerate. 2. Hydrolysis of phosphate: a hydrolysis ...

Figure 1. Hydrolysis of an ester consists of water adding to the ester bond and displacing an alcohol (R-OH), forming a carboxylic acid. The red boxes show the original water molecule. The blue hatch ...

Using NMR to follow the reaction process, Shi, et al. first tested acid hydrolysis using DCl added to D 2 O in a solution containing diester and the cavitand. One end of the ester is deep within ...