In the age of gunboat diplomacy with former Rough Rider Theodore Roosevelt as president, the U.S. engineered Panama’s secession from Colombia in 1903. Aiming to project naval power, Washington ...

The U.S. then began negotiating a Panama treaty with Colombia. The U.S Department of War would direct excavation. Many, both in the press and in the public, sensed a scandal, or, worse yet ...

At the start of the 20th century, Panama was a province of Colombia. When Colombia rejected America’s proposal to construct a ...