As the Ottoman Empire became a continent-straddling Muslim superpower, its sultan assumed the spiritual trappings of the Caliph. But the caliphate did not survive the Ottoman empire’s turbulent ...

Pakistan and Turkey have shared deep-rooted ties since Pakistan's independence in 1947, anchored in cultural, religious, and historical affinities. Even before the independence of Pakistan, The ...

While Pan-Islamic public opinion across multiple European empires singled out the Ottoman Caliphate as the voice and representative of the global Muslim community, the Ottoman Caliph-Sultan was the ...

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