In multicellular organisms, growth factors, hormones, neurotransmitters ... producing multiple intracellular signals for every one receptor that is bound. Protein kinases such as PKA and PKC ...

G-protein coupled receptors regulate hormone secretions in the pancreas ... that have seven membrane-spanning domains connected by intracellular and extracellular domains (Figure 2), and these ...

Engineered cell therapies rely on synthetic receptors to transduce external signals into intracellular responses. The precise ...