To see how associative arrays work, we’re going to look at both the Korn shell and Perl, though only the newest version of the Korn shell (referred to as “korn93”) supports associative arrays.

Basically, use <B>open</B> to create a filehandle (in the appropriate mode -- e.g. read, write, append, whatever) and then pass that as the first argument to printf, then close the filehandle.

Perl is a messy, maddening programming language, the “duct tape of the internet.” But at least you can tell it was made by humans.