Diffusion is the movement of particles from higher to lower concentrations. Diffusion happens naturally and so does not require energy. Substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose move in ...

These include diffusion of particles, convection (in which hotter material rises), alterations to particles caused by traveling through the magnetic field, and loss of other types of energy ...

Of course this will only be beneficial for nanoparticles with limited diffusion, such as particles bound to membrane receptors or large particles in the cellular cytoplasm; small quantum dots (<15 ...