Christopher Lee, DVM, MPH, DACVPM, explains why early detection and enhanced biosecurity are essential for mitigating the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza ...

Usually such mutations are minor, resulting in a process called antigenic drift. Even minor changes ... form a new strain that is called antigenic shift. Such a significant mutation occurs ...

However, this approach is strain-specific. It has limited efficacy against unexpected variants or antigenic drift and shift. Antigenic drift refers to small, gradual mutations in the influenza ...

A new study by LMU and Helmholtz Munich shows how pathogens control changes in their cell surface to evade the immune system.

In 1947, the vaccine was unexpectedly less efficient; it was discovered that the antigenic composition of the circulating virus had changed and antigenic drift ... and antigenic shift was ...

The immune system responds to an infection by producing antibodies that recognize and bind to the cell surface of the pathogen, thus marking it as an intruder and triggering an immune response. For ...

Exactly when that shift would occur was anyone’s guess ... known in 1918 – but they had also developed a vaccine. Antigenic drift rendered this vaccine ineffective in the 1946 flu season.

Exactly when that shift would occur was anyone's guess ... not known in 1918—but they had also developed a vaccine. Antigenic ...

The transporters associated with antigen processing (TAPs) allow antigenic peptides that have been generated in the cytosol to be transported into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER ...